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This site is provided by Ted Amenta, Breckenridge Ski School Ski &
Snowboard Instructor,
available for private instruction upon request.
These are the notes I put together getting
ready for my PSIA full certification test. These notes
are not intend to be of much use to anyone other than ski
instructors getting ready for their PSIA testing.
CERT III STUDY GUIDE
Biomechanics is the branch of science which
combines biology and mechanical engineering. Quality of
movements in terms of D.A.D.I.T.
should combine the basic skills in such a way as to
achieve the most efficient state of balance possible.
Inefficient movements can result from fear
and poor skiing habits. Inefficient movements in any
terrain will causes the skier work harder and even to
loose balance in all types of terrain.
See common threads bellow. Failure to
exhibit a common thread at the intermediate level will
inhibit advancement to higher skill. Time must be spent
addressing common threads on terrain the skier is
comfortable with before tackling more challenging
situations.
Lateral learning involves intentional
deviation from the centerline for the purpose of
targeting a specific fundamental skill. This should be
done on terrain the skier is confident on.
The centerline represents the most efficient
mix of the fundamental skills.
Abilities:
- Control Precision: fine tune of large muscle
groups.
- Coordination: work various parts of body
together.
- Response Orientation: correct reaction to given
stimulus.
- Reaction Time: delay between stimulus and
reaction.
- Rate Control: duration, frequency.
Seven Parameters of Learning Effectiveness
- Learning style (see student profile).
- Info Processing (how much).
- Feedback (PNP).
- Interpersonal Control (balance).
- Patience and Process/Outcome (realistic goals).
- Attention & Concentration (match lesson to
attention span).
- Integrity (teach for heart).
Accelerate the learning process
- Keep it fun and interesting.
- Remove barriers: critical-logical,
intuitive-emotional, ethical-moral.
- Ask what they want to learn.
- Describe that learning is a slow process, set
realistic goals.
ATS MANUAL NOTES
Skier responsibility code:
- Ski in control, able to avoid...
- Uphill skier responsible.
- Stop where visible an out of the way.
- Check uphill before entering a trail or after a
rest.
- Observe trail signs.
- Wear straps or brakes.
ATS is:
- Student Centered: collaborative effort.
- Outcome based: must have some success.
- Experiential: learn by doing.
- Learning-Partnership Based: synergetic
partnership.
- Guest service driven: student is a paying guest.
- From the heart: don't care what we know till know
we care.
ATS is combo of Teaching Model, Skiing
Model, Biomechanics, and Movement Analysis.
Student Profile:
- Characteristics and Background.
- Learning Preferences:
- Sensory Preference: visual, auditory,
kinesthetic.
- Learning Style:
- Visual: watch and imitate.
- Kinesthetic: feeling, outside
forces.
- Proprioceptive: feeling, inside
forces.
- Cognitive: verbal-auditory.
- Trial and Error: just keep
trying.
- Motivation.
- Beliefs, attitudes, values.
The Teaching Model: (not always linear)
- Introduction.
- Assessing the Student: student profile, ongoing
process.
- Determine Goals and Plan Objectives:
- Presenting Information: consider profile, info
processing, lots of demos.
- Guiding Practice: PNP feedback.
- Check for Understanding: ask (cognitive) and
watch (physical).
- Summary: review, preview, address as individuals.
Teaching for transfer: Draw on students
previous learning and set up for future.
Teaching styles:
- Command: instructor is center of and in full
control of lesson (1 hill).
- Task: instructor describes task, demos, sets 'em
loose, necessary feedback.
- Reciprocal: buddy system task.
- Guided Discovery: instructor uses series of
experiences or questions to lead students to
discovery (sideslip: try knees, ankles, extend,
etc.).
- Problem Solving: students given problem and time
frame (easiest way down).
Class arrangement: line up, semicircular,
circle around, within circle, huddle, follow, call down,
free practice, peer matching, demo.
Skiing Model:
- Skills: Rotary, Edge, Pressure, Balance.
- Appropriate blend for conditions = centerline.
- Centerline milestones: wedge, wedge turn, wedge
christie, open parallel, dynamic parallel.
- Lateral learning involves deviation from
centerline.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological: food, water, air, heat, etc.
- Safety/Security: feeling of well being.
- Social: approval of others.
- Self-Esteem: feeling of value.
- Self-Actualization: peak experiences.
Common Threads
- Balancing Movements
- Natural relationship between legs.
- Tall yet flexed stance.
- Movements centered over middle of foot.
- Appropriate slight counter.
- Quiet upper body with dynamic
relationship to skis.
- Turns are linked with continuous flow of
mass.
- Active guiding of both feet.
- Rotary Movements
- Leg movements complement one another.
- Support active guidance of skies.
- Complement edge and pressure movements.
- Edge Movements
- Progressive edging.
- Fine tune ankles, knees, and other
alignments to complement rotary and
pressure.
- Pressure Movements
- Progressive shift to outside ski.
- Dynamic flexing and extending through
turn.
Domains of learning
- Sensory/Motor: skilled movements.
- Affective: feelings, attitudes.
- Cognitive: thinking.
Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognition
- Knowledge: recall.
- Comprehension: grasping the meaning.
- Application: using learned material in new ways.
- Analysis: break down material into parts.
- Synthesis: assemble material in new ways.
- Evaluation: value of material for a given
purpose.
Turn Initiation Forces
- Rotation.
- Counter-Rotation.
- Anticipation-Release.
- Rotary-Push Off.
- Bracage.
- Heel Shove.
- Fulcrum.
D.A.D.I.T.
- Duration.
- Accuracy.
- Direction.
- Intensity.
- Timing.
Movement Analysis Model
- Observe and Describe.
- Cause and effect relationships.
- Prioritize needs.
- Lesson Plan.
This site is provided by Ted Amenta, Breckenridge Ski School Ski &
Snowboard Instructor,
available for private instruction upon request.
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